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Introduction

Asian fusion cuisine has been known since the 1970s when it was developed from the so-called experimental popular culture and the breakdown of rigid lifestyle practices (The Jakarta Post 2014). Asian fusion had become a culinary punch line by the late 90s, not "fusion" but "confusion" when people started mixing and matching different ingredients and cooking methods from different cultures and nations (Knowlton 2011). The concept of fusion cuisine later ultimately led to more innovations in many contemporary restaurants. With time, fusion cuisine has become a phenomenon in the food and beverage industry of the world which is hungry for novel ideas. There are three types of culinary fusion stated by a fusion food examiner named David Farchaber from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (The Jakarta Post 2014). The first type is to combine a specific food of one region with a style of another such as a Chinese dish magnified with a touch of Korean style (figure 1). The second form is to create a brand new dish by mixing two distinctive styles of cuisine (figure 2). Lastly, the third form of culinary fusion combines gastronomy and culture into one pot (figure 3). This form of fusion usually happens in countries with large numbers of immigrants like the USA (The Jakarta Post 2014). Nowadays, people can easily encounter one of the three culinary fusion styles in their daily life because it provides special and distinctive taste-based culinary experiences adding more flavor to the traditional culinary community. So where did this sensation begin? Let’s traceback.

The precise origin of the term "fusion cuisine" is debatable even though words such as “new world cuisine”, “culinary globalization” or “new American cuisine” have its origins in the 1970s as modern cuisine appeared in France, incorporating elements of French and, above all, Japanese cuisine (Sokolov 1992). As Gopnik (1997) has noted, although the New Cooking Renaissance took place in France, the Revolution occurred elsewhere. Indeed, fusion cuisine has originated mainly from the United States with globalization because of the country’s short history relative to the rest of the world, its distinctive history of immigration, its absence of a cuisine that is accepted by other parts of the world, most crucially, its lack of culinary tradition. Globalization is the reason for every 33 seconds, there is an immigrant relocates to the United States bringing their own “flavor” to the party, including Asian (Zimmermann 2017).

Asian Americans constitute a large and rapidly growing U.S. population segment. Chinese Americans (not including Taiwanese Americans) were the leading Asian group with approximately 3.8 million, followed by Filipinos (2.4 million) and Asian Indians (1.9 million) (Misra 2020). Studies show that Asians' food habits turn increasingly Westernized after they migrate to the US. There is a general change from vegetarian to non-vegetarian, ethnic foods are purchased in American supermarkets along with traditional ingredients, and so on (Karim et al. 1986). When two different cultures meet, there is an inevitable exchange of food culture and knowledge. It can often be difficult to draw the line between what is genuinely "traditional" and what aspects of a food culture were influenced by external forces.

Therefore, this essay will examine how globalization in the United States has contributed to the development of Asian fusion cuisine as popular culture?

chinese-supermarket-in-chinatown-manhatt

Figure 6: Chinese supermarket in Chinatown, Manhattan, New York City. Reproduced from: Alamy n.d.

indoor-chinese-market-in-chinatown-new-y

Figure 5: Indoor Chinese market in Chinatown, New York City. Reproduced from: Alamy n.d.

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Reference:

Gopnik, A 1997, ‘Is there a crisis in French cooking?’, The New Yorker, 21 April, viewed 21 May 2020, <https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1997/04/28/is-there-a-crisis-in-french-cooking>

Karim, N Bloch, D.S Falciglia, G & Murthy, L 1986, ‘Modifications in food consumption patterns reported by people from India, living in Cincinnati, Ohio’, Ecology of food and nutrition, vol. 19, iss. 1, pp. 11-18.

Knowlton, A 2011, ‘Why Asian Fusion is back (and where to get it)’, Bon Appetit, 11 March, viewed 20 May 2020, <https://www.bonappetit.com/columns/the-foodist/article/why-asian-fusion-is-back-and-where-to-get-it>

Misra, R 2020, ‘Asian American, diet of’, Encyclopedia, 30 April, viewed 23 May 2020, <https://www.encyclopedia.com/food/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/asian-americans-diets>

Sokolov, R 1992, Why we eat what we eat: How the encounter between the new world and the old changed the way everyone on the planet eats, 1st edn, Summit Brooks.

The Jakarta Post 2014, ‘Fusion food: A new wave of culinary sensations’, The Jakarta Post, 24 April, viewed 20 May 2020, <https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/04/24/fusion-food-a-new-wave-culinary-sensations.html>

Zimmermann, K.A 2017, ‘American culture: Traditions and customs of the United States’, Live Science, 14 July, viewed 23 May 2020, <https://www.livescience.com/28945-american-culture.html>

Image reference: 

Kimchimari 2019, 'Korean Chinese Meatballs (Nanja Wans 난자완스)', image, Kimchimari, viewed 23 May 2020, <https://kimchimari.com/korean-chinese-meatballs-nanja-wans/>

Sukhadwala, S 2018, 'London's Best Vegetarian And Vegan Menus For Fine Dining', image, Londonist, viewed 23 May 2020, <https://londonist.com/london/food-and-drink/posh-vegetarian-veggie-vegan-menus-restaurant-fine-dining-best-london>

Sorted food n.d., 'Recipe: SUSHI BURRITO', image, Sorted food, viewed 23 May 2020, <https://sortedfood.com/recipe/sushiburrito>

Alamy n.d., 'Indoor Chinese market in Chinatown, New York City', image, Alamy, viewed 23 May 2020, <https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-indoor-chinese-market-in-chinatown-new-york-city-16331424.html>

Alamy n.d., 'Chinese supermarket in Chinatown, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA, North America', image, Alamy, viewed 23 May 2020, <https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-chinese-supermarket-in-chinatown-manhattan-new-york-city-new-york-48735766.html>

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